{"id":6097,"date":"2025-08-07T15:12:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T08:12:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vietnamexplore.vn\/?p=6097"},"modified":"2025-08-07T14:27:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T07:27:32","slug":"lich-su-hinh-thanh-thanh-dia-my-son-champa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vietnamexplore.vn\/vi\/lich-su-hinh-thanh-thanh-dia-my-son-champa\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n \u2013 Di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m Pa"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u1eb1m \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa thung l\u0169ng xanh m\u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n Duy Xuy\u00ean, t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam (c\u0169). Nay thu\u1ed9c X\u00e3 Thu B\u1ed3n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201cAngkor Wat c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong>, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u00e9 tham quan Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t cho chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 70 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u2013 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa, th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Shiva \u2013 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, khu di t\u00edch Ch\u0103m M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/strong> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Trung, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1.<\/p>\n

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2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n \u2013 T\u1eeb thung l\u0169ng hoang vu \u0111\u1ebfn trung t\u00e2m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/strong><\/h2>\n

2.1. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 bia k\u00fd c\u1ed5, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nhTh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Bhadravarman \u2013 v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Shiva. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, vua Sambhuvarman \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, g\u1ea7n 1000 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Ch\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa.<\/p>\n

2.2. Vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1edd c\u00fang, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang, t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an t\u00e1ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u0103m Pa ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

2.3. S\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 qua chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, khu di t\u00edch Ch\u0103m M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong> b\u1ecb bom \u0111\u1ea1n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh oanh t\u1ea1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p b\u1ecb s\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tham quan v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

3. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n

3.1. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch nung<\/strong><\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng kinh ng\u1ea1c l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch nung<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefa m\u00e0 v\u1eabn g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, \u00f4m s\u00e1t nhau, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eefa c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng v\u1eefa. G\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao, \u00edt th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 bong tr\u00f3c theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

3.2. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Mandala<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c Mandala<\/strong> \u2013 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed7i c\u1ee5m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ch\u00ednh (Kalan), bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u00e1p ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi l\u1ec5, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3, Kalan<\/strong> l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1edd ch\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho n\u00fai Meru<\/em><\/span><\/a> \u2013 trung t\u00e2m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 theo t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Hindu. C\u00e1c th\u00e1p ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<\/p>\n

3.3. \u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tinh x\u1ea3o<\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha, c\u00e1c v\u0169 c\u00f4ng Apsara, linh v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 voi, s\u01b0 t\u1eed, r\u1eafn Naga. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng mang \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a theo phong c\u00e1ch Ch\u0103m Pa.<\/p>\n

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4. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khu di t\u00edch Ch\u0103m M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n \u2013 H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/h2>\n

4.1. Khu v\u1ef1c tham quan ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, khu di t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee5m ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m A \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m G, trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n